Compilation··3:31·Real and complex analysis
Falconer Distance Conjecture, Bochner–Riesz Conjecture and 8 More
Watch on YouTubeAbout the problem →
About this video
10 results from OpenAI's public mathematics catalogue, one per chapter. Each chapter names the problem, shows the real objects, and states what OpenAI claims; none of it is peer reviewed yet.
Chapters:
0:00 Brennan's Conjecture
0:21 Falconer Distance Conjecture
0:41 L log L Fourier Convergence Conjecture
1:03 Bochner–Riesz Conjecture
1:23 Turyn's Merit Factor Conjecture
1:45 Fourier Restriction Conjecture in 3D
2:06 Local Smoothing in Three Dimensions
2:27 Carleson's Schrödinger Problem at the Endpoint
2:48 Riesz Transforms and Rectifiability
3:10 The Triangular Hilbert Transform
Brennan's Conjecture: Map a simply connected plane domain conformally onto the unit disk and measure how much the map stretches: Brennan's conjecture says the stretch raised to any…
Explained: gradientdamage.com/p/072
Paper: github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Brennans-conjectur…
Falconer Distance Conjecture: Take a fractal dust of points and measure the distance between every pair: Falconer conjectured in 1985 that if the dust's dimension is more than half the…
Explained: gradientdamage.com/p/073
Paper: github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/The-Falconer-dista…
L log L Fourier Convergence Conjecture: Do Fourier series always converge? Carleson (1966) proved yes, almost everywhere, for L² functions; Kolmogorov (1923) found an L¹ function whose Fourier series…
Explained: gradientdamage.com/p/075
Paper: github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Almost-everywhere-…
Bochner–Riesz Conjecture: Cut off a function's high frequencies with a soft edge (1 − |ξ|²)^δ and you get a filter whose kernel ripples outward; less blur means longer ripples, and with…
Explained: gradientdamage.com/p/078
Paper: github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Bochner-Riesz-Mult…
Turyn's Merit Factor Conjecture: A Littlewood polynomial has every coefficient equal to +1 or -1.
Explained: gradientdamage.com/p/076
Paper: github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Ultraflat-real-Lit…
Fourier Restriction Conjecture in 3D: Add up plane waves whose frequencies lie on a sphere and you get the Fourier extension of a function on the sphere.
Explained: gradientdamage.com/p/077
Paper: github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Elliptic-capacity-…
Local Smoothing in Three Dimensions: Waves can focus: a spherical wave rushing inward piles up into a tall spike for one instant, so at a fixed time a wave can be much rougher than it started.
Explained: gradientdamage.com/p/079
Paper: github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Critical-local-smo…
Carleson's Schrödinger Problem at the Endpoint: Start a quantum wave from a rough initial shape and let it spread under the free Schrödinger equation.
Explained: gradientdamage.com/p/080
Paper: github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Endpoint-convergen…
Riesz Transforms and Rectifiability: Every point of a set pulls on every other, with a force like gravity that falls off with distance: add up all the pulls, skipping a small ball around the…
Explained: gradientdamage.com/p/081
Paper: github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Riesz-transforms-a…
The Triangular Hilbert Transform: The triangular Hilbert transform takes two functions f and g on the plane and, at each point, multiplies f at one corner of a right triangle by g at the other…
Explained: gradientdamage.com/p/082
Paper: github.com/openai/math/blob/main/preprints/Annular-variation-…
The animations illustrate the results; they are not proofs.
Gradient Damage: mathematics you can see, equations you can hear.
youtube.com/@gradientdamage
Chapters
One problem per chapter. Each name links to the result's own page, each time to that moment on YouTube.
- Brennan's Conjecture Real and complex analysis
- Falconer Distance Conjecture Real and complex analysis
- L log L Fourier Convergence Conjecture Real and complex analysis
- Bochner–Riesz Conjecture Real and complex analysis
- Turyn's Merit Factor Conjecture Real and complex analysis
- Fourier Restriction Conjecture in 3D Real and complex analysis
- Local Smoothing in Three Dimensions Real and complex analysis
- Carleson's Schrödinger Problem at the Endpoint Real and complex analysis
- Riesz Transforms and Rectifiability Real and complex analysis
- The Triangular Hilbert Transform Real and complex analysis
Chapter 1: about the problem
Real and complex analysis·OpenAI Math·Result 072
Brennan's conjecture and the integral-means spectrum
Proves Brennan's conjecture: for every conformal bijection ϕ from a simply connected plane domain onto the disk, |ϕ'|s is area-integrable for 4/3 < s < 4. The sharp universal integral-means identity is B𝒮(t)=|t|-1 for t ≤ −2. A strict bound Bb(-1) < 1/4 for bounded univalent functions disproves Kraetzer's prediction at that parameter. (Lean)
Chapter 2: about the problem
Real and complex analysis·OpenAI Math·Result 073·from 0:21
The Falconer distance conjecture
Resolves the Falconer distance conjecture in every dimension d ≥ 2: every compact set E ⊂ ℝd with Hausdorff dimension greater than d/2 determines a set of Euclidean distances of positive Lebesgue measure. (Lean)
Chapter 3: about the problem
Real and complex analysis·OpenAI Math·Result 075·from 0:41
The L log L Fourier-convergence conjecture
Proves that the ordinary symmetric Fourier partial sums of every complex-valued function in L log L(𝕋) converge almost everywhere along the full sequence. This resolves the classical sufficiency conjecture at the L log L scale. (Lean)
Chapter 4: about the problem
Real and complex analysis·OpenAI Math·Result 078·from 1:03
The three-dimensional Bochner–Riesz conjecture
Resolves the three-dimensional Bochner–Riesz conjecture in its strict range: the Bochner–Riesz multipliers of order δ are bounded on Lp(ℝ3) for every 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ whenever δ > max {3|1/p-1/2|-1/2,0}.
Chapter 5: about the problem
Real and complex analysis·OpenAI Math·Result 076·from 1:23
Real ultraflat Littlewood polynomials and unbounded binary merit factors
Constructs polynomials with N consecutive coefficients in {-1,1} whose modulus is (1+o(1))√N uniformly on the entire unit circle, for every sufficiently large integer length N. Thus real Littlewood polynomials are ultraflat, including at the real endpoints. Their binary merit factors tend to infinity, disproving Turyn's bounded-merit-factor conjecture. (Lean)
Chapter 6: about the problem
Real and complex analysis·OpenAI Math·Result 077·from 1:45
Fourier restriction for positively curved surfaces
Proves the diagonal Fourier extension conjecture for positively curved surfaces in three dimensions. For every compact smooth positively curved surface Σ ⊂ ℝ3, including surfaces with boundary, the extension operator is bounded from Lp(Σ) to Lp(ℝ3) for every p > 3.
Chapter 7: about the problem
Real and complex analysis·OpenAI Math·Result 079·from 2:06
Local smoothing in three dimensions
Resolves Sogge's local smoothing conjecture for the Euclidean wave equation in three spatial dimensions. The estimate holds throughout the full strict range 2 < p < ∞, with Sobolev regularity above max {0,1-3/p}. In particular, the critical L3 estimate holds with every positive Sobolev loss.
Chapter 8: about the problem
Real and complex analysis·OpenAI Math·Result 080·from 2:27
The exact Sobolev endpoint for Schrödinger convergence
Proves almost-everywhere convergence eitΔf → f as t↓0 for every f ∈ Hn/(2(n+1))(ℝn) and every dimension n ≥ 2. This attains the sharp Sobolev equality case of Carleson's Schrödinger convergence problem, including the planar endpoint H1/3.
Chapter 9: about the problem
Real and complex analysis·OpenAI Math·Result 081·from 2:48
Riesz transforms and rectifiability in higher codimension
Resolves the remaining higher-codimension Riesz-transform rectifiability problem: for d ≥ 4 and 2 ≤ n ≤ d-2, an n-Ahlfors–David regular Radon measure on ℝd is uniformly n-rectifiable whenever its n-dimensional Riesz transform is uniformly L2-bounded over all positive hard truncations. The rectifiability bounds depend only on dimension, regularity and operator bounds. (Lean)
Chapter 10: about the problem
Real and complex analysis·OpenAI Math·Result 082·from 3:10
Annular variation and dyadic absolute bounds for the triangular Hilbert transform
Proves maximal and annular r-variation bounds, for every r > 2, from complex L3(ℝ2)× L3(ℝ2) to L3/2(ℝ2). The maximal estimate controls both hard truncation endpoints and gives almost-everywhere and norm convergence. Pairing with a third input settles the triangular Hilbert transform estimate at the symmetric L3× L3× L3 point. (Lean)
Topics
Brennan's conjectureFalconer distance conjectureL log LBochner-Riesz conjectureLittlewood polynomialsFourier restriction conjecturelocal smoothingSchrödinger equationRiesz transformtriangular Hilbert transformReal and complex analysisOpenAI mathAI proofAI mathematicsmathsGradient Damage